Problems with urination Wetting (day and night) Neurogenic bladder Urinary tract infections Abnormal urination Urinary frequency Painful urination Spina bifida complications Blood in the urine (hematuria) Prenatal diagnosis of urinary obstructions (hydronephrosis) Stones in the urinary tract Trauma/injury to any part of the urogenital system Disorders of sexual differentiation (intersex disorders)

Blockages Duplication anomalies Hydronephrosis Megaureters Reflux Stones Strictures

Cystic kidney diseases Malformations Obstructions

Abnormal development of genitalia Labial adhesions Urinary problems associated with imperforate anus Urinary and genital birth defects Specialized surgical techniques: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for stones Minimally invasive surgery of the urinary tract Laparoscopy for urinary tract obstruction and malformations Laparoscopy for undescended testes Laparoscopic repair of varicoceles Robotically assisted surgical procedures Minimally invasive removal of urinary tract stones

Absent kidney Duplication anomalies Horseshoe kidney Hydronephrosis Pelvic kidney Reflux Stones

Abnormal development Abnormal urinary stream Adhesions after circumcision Chordee Circumcision complications Epispadias Hidden penis Hypospadias Hypospadias complications Injury Meatal stenosis Micropenis Newborn circumcisions Phimosis and foreskin problems Webbed penis

Absent testis Epididymitis Hernias Hydroceles Infections Retractile testes Spermatoceles Testis pain Torsion of the testis Undescended testes Varicoceles

Bladder diverticulum Bladder exstrophy and epispadias Obstruction Posterior urethral valves Urethral strictures Reflux Tumors and cancer